In 2018/2019, the world produced and ground 4.7 million tonnes of cocoa beans, with around 1.7 million tonnes in stock (ICCO, 2021). These beans are processed into cocoa liquor, butter, cakes, and powders to be used by other sectors. The confectionery industry is the largest consumer, consuming 43% of the world’s cocoa consumption in 2017 (Eghbal, 2018); other notable consumers are food...Read More

Based on Directorate General Plantation, Indonesia is able to produce up to 48 million tons of crude palm oil (CPO) in 2018 and it is predicted to reach 50 million tons of CPO in 2021 (see Figure 1). In other words, Indonesia has great potential to develop palm-based biofuel products. The potential of CPO can not only benefit Indonesia economically but also...Read More

Global demand for soft commodities continues to increase as the world’s population is expected to grow to almost 10 billion by 2050, accompanied by economic growth. These trends put pressure on land use as well as pose challenges for soft commodities supply chain sustainability.Read More